Ologies & Fields of Study

Biology spans cells, organisms, evolution and ecosystems.

Botany includes plant physiology, ecology, systematics and evolution.

Zoology covers animals from microscopic invertebrates to mammals and birds.

Paleontologists use fossils, rock layers and geological context to study life through deep time.

Ecology links organisms with energy flow, populations, communities and habitats.

Genetics explains how traits are inherited and how variation arises.

Taxonomy organizes life into groups using shared characteristics and evolutionary relationships.

Natural selection is one mechanism within evolution.

Microbiology includes organisms that are invisible or difficult to see without magnification.

Mycology covers mushrooms, molds, yeasts, fungal ecology and symbiosis.

Parasitology studies organisms that live in or on hosts and the effects of those relationships.

Ornithology covers bird behavior, anatomy, ecology, migration and conservation.

Entomology covers the world's most diverse animal group and its ecological roles.

Biogeography connects ecology, evolution, geography and Earth's history.

Histology helps connect cellular structure with the functions of tissues and organs.

Pathology investigates abnormal changes in cells, tissues and organs.

Anatomy describes organs, tissues and the relationships among body parts.

Physiology explains processes such as circulation, breathing, digestion and nerve signaling.

Pharmacology covers drug actions, uses, interactions and safety.

Immunology examines immune cells, antibodies, inflammation and immune memory.

Toxicology considers dose, exposure route, biological effects and risk.

Psychology includes perception, learning, memory, emotion and social behavior.

Sociology studies how groups and social structures shape human life.

Anthropology includes cultural, biological, archaeological and linguistic approaches.

Linguistics covers sounds, words, grammar, meaning, use and language change.

Economics studies production, distribution, consumption, incentives and trade-offs.

Political science covers states, elections, public policy, international relations and political behavior.

History uses sources to interpret change, continuity, causation and perspective.

Neuroscience combines biology, psychology, medicine and computation to study nervous systems.

Semiotics studies how meaning is produced through language, images, objects and cultural codes.

Archaeology interprets material remains alongside historical, environmental and cultural evidence.

Historical linguistics compares sounds, words and grammar to reconstruct language history.

Geology includes plate tectonics, minerals, rocks, earthquakes and Earth's deep history.

Meteorology studies weather, atmospheric motion, clouds, storms and forecasting.

Climatology studies climate patterns, drivers, variability and change over long periods.

Oceanography combines biology, chemistry, geology and physics to study the ocean.

Hydrology follows water through precipitation, runoff, soil, aquifers, rivers and lakes.

Seismology helps locate earthquakes and investigate Earth's interior.

Geography connects physical landscapes, people, economies, maps and regions.

Atmospheric science includes weather, climate, chemistry and atmospheric physics.

Environmental science draws together ecology, geology, chemistry, climate and human systems.

Cartography turns geographic information into maps for analysis, navigation and communication.

Geodesy measures Earth's geometry, gravity field and changing surface.

Ecosystem science follows energy, nutrients, populations and environmental change together.

Astronomy studies planets, stars, galaxies, black holes and the evolution of the universe.

Physics uses models and experiments to describe motion, forces, fields, waves and matter.

Chemistry connects atoms and molecules with the materials and reactions around us.

Astrophysics applies physics to celestial objects and cosmic phenomena.